Chiyambi cha Kusewera Makhadi

kusewera makadi kunapita ku Europe kuchokera Kummawa. Iwo adawonekera koyamba ku France kenako ku Spain. Zomwe amakhulupirira kuti adawonekera koyamba ku Italy ndikuti kapangidwe kamakhadi kofanana ndi kamangidwe ka Mamaluke. Phukusili linali ndi makadi 52 okhala ndi suti za malupanga, ndodo za polo, makapu ndi ndalama. Makhadi omwe anali ndi nambala imodzi mpaka khumi komanso makhadi a makhothi omwe anaphatikizira a King (Malik), Deputy King (Naib Malik), ndi Wachiwiri Wachiwiri (thain naib).

Persia ndi India anali ndi makhadi omwe anali ndi makhadi 48 pa sitimayo, masuti anayi, manambala khumi ndi makhothi awiri pa suti iliyonse yotchedwa Ganjifa. Chiwerengero cha masuti chiwonjezeka kawiri. Ku Arabia makhadi adadzatchedwa Kanjifah.

Pomwe kusewera makhadi kudabwera ku Europe chidwi chidayamba. Mu 1377 adapezeka ku Switzerland. Mu 1380 adayamba kuonekera ku Florence, Basle, Regensberg, Paris, ndi Barcelona. Ena onse ali monga akunena mbiri.

Makhadi oyambirira anali opangidwa ndi manja. zojambula pamakhadizo zidalinso zojambulajambula pamanja. Analinso okwera mtengo kwambiri. Ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri panthawiyo ndi anthu olemera chifukwa cha mtengo wake. Zoyipa zidafika m’magulu osauka pomwe adayamba kutsika mtengo.

Mitundu yotsika mtengo idayamba kupezeka pomwe amapangidwa mochuluka. Makhadi awa adachotsedwa koyambirira. Adatchuka kwambiri m'magulu onse azikhalidwe. makhadi amapangidwa ndi mapepala olimba ndipo mitundu ina amalipaka. Tsopano amabwera mu makhadi ang’onoang’ono ndi zolemba zazikulu za omwe ali ndi vuto lakuwona.